Times have changed. Wars and Imperialism are no
longer a matter of tanks, guns and mined borders. New media and social networks
have emerged and become the new banners of a revolutionized new world. Such
media hasn’t just served to give a voice to the oppressed in movements like the
Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street and the 15M in Spain. They have also become a
key weapon in foreign policy for Western governments.
Pro-western propaganda is not only now spread through
traditional media, but is also spread through social networks that help to
rapidly circulate messages, whether true or not. As explained by the scholar
Howard Rheingold, social networks have the power to create "smart
mobs" able to self-organize and generate massive protest movements, and
western governments have now implemented this technology as a means of influencing
other societies. It is therefore no surprise that many accuse the U.S. of
trying to overthrow hostile governments, or at least trying to influence
political situations in countries like Egypt, Venezuela and Ukraine through
social networks.
A few days ago, Associated Press revealed the tactics
used by the U.S. government to influence hostile countries in this new
interconnected world that we live in. ZunZuneo was a social network conceived,
created and financed in secret by the U.S. in 2009 with the aim of modifying
the political situation in Cuba. With the guise of being the Cuban alternative
to Twitter, the real purpose was to destabilize the government through the publication
of political messages targeted towards the younger citizens of Cuba.
ZunZuneo was forced to use SMS technology
because of Cuba’s strict control over informative content (especially on the Internet).
To do this, the USAID (United States Agency for International Development)
unlawfully created a database of more than half a million Cuban phone numbers. At
the beginning, to avoid suspicion, the network was filled with banal posts on
topics such as sport, entertainment and weather forecasts. They used this content
to generate a good base of users who relied on the network before sending
ideologically loaded political messages with the aim of promoting the Cuban
Spring, which consequently would make the government fall.
The Cuban government is aware that in order to
maintain its hegemony and prevent riots, it must provide progress for its
citizens. They promised to continue their programs of implementing Internet and
landlines in Cuban homes, despite of the American initiative to destabilize
Cuban government through ZunZuneo, and other technologies like Piramideo, MartÃ
Noticias, Diario de Cuba and Cubasincensura. Despite the well-meant words of
Cuban government, Internet on the island is restricted, although it is true
that 500 public navigation facilities have been installed in Cuba.
At its peak ZunZuneo reached more than 40,000
users throughout Cuba. For them, this network became a sort of window to the world.
It was really useful for them to receive free information daily on their mobile
phones, in a country where access to the Internet is very limited and where the
citizens were not allowed to have mobile phones until 2008. The citizens of
Cuba, not knowing that the U.S. was behind this new social network, shared not
only their opinions but also their private data. As a result, the U.S.
government collected demographic information without consent. They then
analyzed the collected data to uncover tastes, ideas and preferences that could
be used to push young people to dissent.
Collecting such data without consent was not
only illegal, but also created a potential risk to the Cuban users of this
service. Zeynep Tufekci, a sociologist from Princeton University who researches
the social impact of technology, criticizes ZunZuneo because nobody foresaw
that it could lead to the government taking reprisals against those that
promote or share dissent actions across the network.
Since Associated Press made this information
public, Washington has been quick to deny that this project was an undercover
operation. However, following the revelations of AP, it is obvious that the
USAID did everything possible to hide U.S. involvement in the project. Shell corporations were established in third countries such
as Spain and Ireland, and all banking operations were conducted through
accounts in the Cayman Islands.
U.S. involvement in this project is clear, as
The State Department has now issued a statement defending the operation,
arguing that it was not disguised and that its objectives were “to promote democracy in Cuba, guaranteeing
freedom of information and strengthening civil society”. In my opinion, a
social network based on forcing the audience to receive unsolicited messages is
not exactly like building a free communication platform to promote democracy
and exchange of information. Nevertheless, the tight control that the U.S.
government has on the communications of its own citizens and the recurrent
espionage scandals of world’s political leaders make these explanations sound hypocritical.
This big-hearted idea of promoting unfettered
information through citizen communication platforms could hide much darker
intentions behind. AP provides an internal document of the U.S. Armed Forces from
which they explain that the first phase of an unconventional war is the “psychological preparation to unite the
population against the government in power” and “prepare the population also issued to accept U.S. support”.
Finally in mid-2012, ZunZuneo disappeared after
the several attempts to lock the network were made by the Cuban government. In
June of that year, users stopped receiving messages on their phones. According
to AP, the service ended not because it was censored by Cuban government, but
because of the expiration of a grant that funded the program after having spent
more than $1.5 million. For Cuban users, the network disappeared as
mysteriously as it appeared.
This new Imperialism is of course cheaper, less
noisy, more politically correct and less bloody. The tension between the United
States and Cuba comes is long-standing, after many decades of violence and blockage.
However, events like the one revealed by AP demonstrate how American methods
have evolved to promote the desired regime change in Cuba. The U.S. knows that
the ones to destabilize the regime are the younger ones. Even though we are not
yet aware of this, our participation in the trivial matters of social networks
makes us part of a group which links us to people that we do not know. Indirectly,
this makes us able to mobilize ourselves in the future. If the revolution will
be, it will be tweeted.
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